On January 12, 2026, the Special Rapporteur on human rights and climate change, Astrid Puentes Riaño, presented a report detailing conclusive scientific evidence on the health risks of air pollution and classifying it as a human rights crisis. The report highlighted the significant risks posed by air pollution to public health and proposed measures to mitigate the crisis through improved governance.

According to the World Health Organization, air pollution is linked to approximately 6–8 million premature deaths globally and is associated with long-term disabilities and a reduced quality of life. Common illnesses include heart disease, stroke, cancer, and chronic respiratory disorders. Additionally, women, the elderly, children, people with pre-existing conditions, and outdoor workers are vulnerable groups that are disproportionately impacted by air pollution.

Under international human rights law, member states have an obligation to prevent harm and should regulate and monitor polluting activities, ensure access to information, and protect vulnerable populations. Riaño states, “Protecting people from air pollution is not only possible – it is required. Clean air is a fundamental human right, not a privilege.” The report recommended that member states and private entities identify air pollution hotspots, focus intervention, address areas with persistent non-compliance, and ensure transparent oversight. 

Photo by Nacaru (CC BY-SA 4.0)