I. Introduction Private international law is the body of conventions, model laws, legal guides, and other documents and instruments that regulate private relationships across national borders. Private international law has a dualistic character, balancing international consensus with domestic recognition and implementation, as well as balancing sovereign actions with those of the private sector. This chapter will examine accessible electronic resources maintained by international organizations, governments, universities and scholarly groups, trade organizations, and commercial information services. All hypertext links are correct as of the date of last revision.
II. International Organizations This section describes the principal international organizations involved in the private international law. Each of these organizations maintains an Internet site which contains information about their current work and archives earlier documents, as well as status information on their conventions.
A. Hague Conference on Private International Law The Hague Conference on Private International Law (http://www.hcch.net/), which traces its origins to a 1893 conference convened by the Government of the Netherlands, is active in the development of conventions (rather than principles, guidelines and model laws) in various areas of private law, addressing topics ranging from traditional topics such as choice-of-law rules and jurisdictional rules to contemporary issues such as intercountry adoption and child abduction. Its structure and purpose are stated in the Statute of the Hague Conference on Private International Law (entered into force 15 July, 1955) (http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=conventions.text&cid=29).
The Hague Conference introduced its Web site in English and French on October 8, 1998. The Hague Conference Web site contains the full text, status and bibliographic information, and explanatory reports (where available) about its work, including:
B. UNCITRAL The United Nations Commission for International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) (http://www.uncitral.org) , which was established by a resolution of the UN General Assembly in 1966 (the resolution is available on "General Assembly Resolutions" page of the UNCITRAL Web site (http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/GA/resolutions.html), is the active catalyst for some of the most significant work in the progressive harmonization of private international law. The UNCITRAL site contains primary documents and status information about established instruments such as
Most of the UNCITRAL site contents are available in English, French, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese and Russian - the six official languages of UNCITRAL.
In addition to conventions and similar instruments that are enacted at the international level by states, UNCITRAL furthers the harmonization of international trade law through the creation of model laws and legal guides designed to inform domestic legislative drafters. Perhaps the best example is the UNCITRAL Model Law on the Procurement of Goods, Construction and Services with Guide to Enactment (1994) (http://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/procurem/ml-procurement/ml-procure.pdf). Other UNCITRAL efforts are directed at private commercial parties, such as the well-knownUNCITRAL Arbitration Rules (http://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/arbitration/arb-rules/arb-rules.pdf) and the recent UNCITRAL Notes on Organizing Arbitral Proceedings (http://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/arbitration/arb-notes/arb-notes-e.pdf).
The work of UNCITRAL is furthered through six specialized working groups (http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/commission/working_groups.html):
Working Group I (http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/commission/working_groups/1Procurement.html) which has recently completed its work on privately-financed infrastructure projects.
Working Group II (http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/commission/working_groups/2Arbitration.html) currently deals with the topic of international arbitration and conciliation.
Working Group III (http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/commission/working_groups/3Transport.html) currently deals with the topic of transport law.
Working Group IV (http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/commission/working_groups/4Electronic_Commerce.html) currently deals with the topic of electronic commerce.
Working Group V (http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/commission/working_groups/5Insolvency.html) currently deals with the topic of insolvency.
Working Group VI (http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/commission/working_groups/6Security_Interests.html) currently deals with the topic of security interests.
Each Working Group section contains drafts and preparatory documents that reflect the progress toward a finished document.
The UNCITRAL Web site is regularly updated. Persons interested in the work of UNCITRAL may obtain information regarding commission sessions (http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/commission/sessions.html), vacancies and internships (http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/vacancies_internships.html), and technical assistance (http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/technical_assistance_coordination.html) programs offered by UNCITRAL.
A useful feature of the UNCITRAL Web site is the Documents and Symbols page(http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/types_symbols.html) which discusses the types of documents produced by UNCITRAL and provides an explanation of the document symbols assigned to UNCITRAL documents. Similarly, the bibliography of recent writings relating to the work of UNCITRAL (http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/publications/bibliography.html) sets forth bibliographic references compiled by the Secretariat from 1993 to present, and is now regularly updated as new material is received. As a general aid, the United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld Library has a research guide (http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/resguide/) providing information on United Nations documents, which is useful when consulting UNCITRAL materials.
Two other features of the UNCITRAL Web site merit discussion.
The CLOUT (Case Law on UNCITRAL Texts) database, (http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/case_law.html) provides abstracts of court decisions and arbitral awards that are relevant to the interpretation or application of UNCITRAL legal text, such as the CISG or the UNCITRAL Model Arbitration Law, prepared by a network of national correspondents. It should be noted that the range of material available online through the CLOUT system has recently been expanded to include a range of new caselaw research aids, such as integrated thesauri and keyword charts. All decisions and arbitral awards stored by the Secretariat will be made available to the public upon individual request, subject to any copyright restriction attendant to the decisions and awards.
Status information, travaux preparatoires, and bibliographies on UNCITRAL instruments are also available and regularly updated (see individual instrument). Status information about UNCITRAL Conventions is also available at the United Nations Treaty Collection (http://untreaty.un.org), under the heading "Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-General." (Note that the United Nations charges a fee for access to the Treaty Collection). For a discussion of other online treaty sources, seeASIL Guide to Electronic Resources for International Law: Treaties (http://www.asil.org/resource/treaty1.htm).
C. International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) UNIDROIT (http://www.unidroit.org/), the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law, traces its origins to the League of Nations and is today an autonomous international organization active in the harmonization of private international law. English and French, the working languages of UNIDROIT, are both represented on its Internet site. The Internet site includes full text and status information concerning UNIDROIT Conventions such as
One of the best-known accomplishments of UNIDROIT in recent years is the creation of theUNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (http://www.unidroit.org/english/principles/contracts/main.htm). The Principles represent general rules of commercial contract law derived from various legal systems, and may be used by private parties as the law governing their contract, as a supplementary source to be used in conjunction with the CISG, and as a codification of lex mercatoria for arbitration, inter alia.
The UNIDROIT Web site also includes status information on UNIDROIT Conventions (http://www.unidroit.org/english/implement/i-main.htm), information on current projects (http://www.unidroit.org/english/workprogramme/main.htm), and general news and events (http://www.unidroit.org/english/news/main.htm).
UNILAW (http://www.unidroit.info) Set up by UNIDROIT, this database will provide the full text of UNIDROIT instruments, as well as case law and secondary resources on each instrument. Work has started on the 1956 Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR).
III. International Sale of Goods There are a number of Web sites relating to the international sale of goods and UNCITRAL‘s Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG). A particularly valuable resource is the Pace database on the CISG (http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/), produced by the Pace Law Library and the Pace University School of Law Institute of International Commercial Law. The database contains the complete annotated text of the CISG, with hyperlinks from each individual article to its drafting history, along with interpretive case law and bibliographic references to scholarly writing. Significantly, the database includes article-by-article cross-references to appropriate sections of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts. The Pace database also includes information on the annual Willem C. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot on the CISG (http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/vis.html), held at International Arbitral Centre of the Austrian Federal Economic Chamber in Vienna. The Pace database is a masterful example of Internet-based scholarship and is a credit to its creators.
An important new online resource for international sales law is the UNILEX (http://www.unilex.info) collection of caselaw and bibliographic information on the CISG and the UNIDROIT Principles. The UNILEX database includes both case abstracts and the full text of decisions.
The Autonomous Network of CISG Web Sites (http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/network.html) links to other useful CISG Web sites, each focuses on case law from one or more countries in the language of the host country or region. Some of these Web sites are:
the CISG-online.ch (http://www.cisg-online.ch) at the Law Faculty of the University of Basle, Switzerland, which concentrates on Austrian, German, and Swiss case law on the CISG;
the CISG-France (http://witz.jura.uni-sb.de/CISG) database which emphasizes French case law on the CISG;
the CISG - Spain and Latin America database of the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (http://www.uc3m.es/cisg/), which contains the Spanish language text of the CISG, along with CISG case law from Mexico, Argentina, Spain, and other countries; and
the CISG-Japan Database (http://www.juris.hokudai.ac.jp/%7Esono/cisg/eng_index.html) which includes English digests of Japanese cases and arbitral award on CISG.
TheAmerican Arbitration Association (http://www.adr.org) is the primary private arbitral authority in the United States. The AAA has promulgated rules and procedures (http://www.adr.org/arb_med) and serves as an administering body for the arbitration process, including acting as an appointing authority for arbitrators, if necessary, as well as providing resources needed to commence the ADR process (http://www.adr.org/fileacase) such as filing and managing cases online, online access to cases and calendar for neutrals, etc. Like other institutional arbitral bodies, the AAA maintains a Mediator Profile (http://www.mediatorindex.com/) giving useful information such as field expertise, number of years as a mediator and number of cases mediated, locale and language.
There are a number of excellent general resources for international commercial arbitration:
The T.M.C. Asser Instituut (http://www.asser.nl/) of the Netherlands maintains a comprehensive collection of links to arbitral institutions, domestic arbitration laws, and the full text of arbitral conventions - International Commercial Arbitration (http://www.asser.nl/ica/index.htm).
ICSID (International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes) (http://www.worldbank.org/icsid/), an autonomous organization with close ties to the World Bank, offers a number of documents online, including cases (http://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRH&actionVal=ShowHome&pageName=Cases_Home) and a very useful list of bilateral investment treaties (BITs) (http://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=ICSIDPublicationsRH&actionVal=ViewBilateral&reqFrom=Main)
V. Regional Harmonization This section describes the principal efforts in harmonizing private law on a regional basis.
A. European Union (EU) The EU harmonizes private international law of its member nations through the development of conventions, directives and regulations. An initiative to create an European Civil Code is also underway.
The Brussels Convention and the Lugano Convention (http://curia.europa.eu/common/recdoc/convention/en/index.htm) aim to "determine the international jurisdiction of their courts, to facilitate recognition and to introduce an expeditious procedure for securing the enforcement of judgments, authentic instruments and court settlements." (from the Preamble of the Conventions) The Lugano Convention extended the rules on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments beyond the boundaries of the European Union.
Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations (Rome Convention) (http://www.rome-convention.org/instruments/i_conv_orig_en.htm) stipulates that a contract shall be governed by the law chosen by the parties and demonstrated in the terms of the contract or the circumstances of the case. Rome-convention.org (http://www.rome-convention.org) is the online database on the Convention set up by the Trier Academy of European Law with financial support from the Grotius Programme of the European Commission. It provides access to the text of the Rome Convention, its interpretive protocol, explanatory reports (including the Giuliano-Lagarde Report), cases and a bibliography.
Study Group on a European Civil Code (http://www.sgecc.net) is a network of academics from across the EU conducting comparative law research in private law with an aim to produce a codified set of Principles of European Law for the law of obligations and core aspects of the law of property. The impetus for their work was two Parliamentary resolutions: OJ C 158 (28.6.1989), resolution of 26th May 1989, and OJ C 205 (25.7.1994), resolution of 6th May 1994 whereby the European Parliament summoned the legal academic community to take on the task of the creation of a European Code of Private Law. The Web site provides their work-in-progress and information on their methodology.
Commission on European Contract Law: Principles of European Contract Law (http://frontpage.cbs.dk/law/commission_on_european_contract_law/) Also known as the Lando Commission, the Commission drafted the Principles of Contract Law which are intended to be applied as general rules of contract law in the European Communities when the parties have agreed to incorporate them into their contract or when the parties have agreed that their contract is to be governed by them.
Other useful Web sites for European harmonization of private law are:
Research Group on European Private Law (University of Girona, Spain) has a Web site called European and Comparative Private Law Page (http://civil.udg.es/epclp/). The Web site provides links to international private law materials, and European private law materials (EU directives, treaties and principles) dealing with commercial law. It also includes national legal materials from eight European countries, Canada and United States.
European Private Law Forum (European University Institute) (http://www.iue.it/LAW/ResearchTeaching/EuropeanPrivateLaw/) The Forum is concerned with the harmonization of European Private Law. The web site provides access to the results of and information about the Forum‘s research activities.
B. Inter-American Specialized Conferences on Private International Law (CIDIPs) Under the auspices of the Organization of American States, Inter-American Specialized Conferences on Private International Law (known by the Spanish Acronym as CIDIPs) (http://www.oas.org/dil/private_international_law.htm) play a central role in the harmonization and codification of Private International Law in the Western Hemisphere. Six Conferences have been held in various cities in the Americas:
CIDIP-I (http://www.oas.org/dil/CIDIPI_home.htm) was held in Panama City, Panama in 1975. Six conventions were adopted.
Seven conventions and one protocol was adopted in CIDIP-II (http://www.oas.org/dil/CIDIPII_home.htm) held in Montevideo, Uruguay in 1979.
CIDIP-III (http://www.oas.org/dil/CIDIPIII_home.htm), held in La Paz, Bolivia in 1984, adopted three conventions and one protocol.
Held once again in Montevideo, CIDIP-IV (http://www.oas.org/dil/CIDIPIV_home.htm) in 1989 adopted three conventions.
CIDIP-V (http://www.oas.org/dil/CIDIPV_home.htm) in Mexico City in 1994 saw the adoption of two conventions.
CIDIP-VI (http://www.oas.org/dil/CIDIPVI_home.htm) held in OAS‘s Headquarters in Washington, D.C., adopted three instruments.
CIDIP-VII (http://www.oas.org/dil/CIDIP-VII_home.htm) is currently in the preparatory work stage.
The instruments adopted fall into four general categories of private international law:
applicable law (http://www.oas.org/dil/PrivateIntLaw-studytopics_applicablelaw.htm),
family law (http://www.oas.org/dil/PrivateIntLaw-studytopics_familylaw.htm), and
commercial law (http://www.oas.org/dil/PrivateIntLaw-studytopics_commerciallaw.htm).
C. Organisation pour l‘Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA) OHADA (http://www.ohada.org) started legal unification process in Africa in October 1992 with the cooperation of the head of states of sixteen OHADA countries. The first OHADA treaty - Treaty on the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa (http://www.ohada.com/traite.php?categorie=10) - was signed in Mauritius in October 1993. The OHADA.com Web site (http://www.ohada.com) was launched in November 2000 to disseminate information regarding the ongoing works of OHADA. In addition to treaty-making (http://www.ohada.com/traite.php?newlang=english), OHADA is also creating uniform acts (http://www.ohada.com/textes.php?newlang=english), such as the Uniform Act Relating to General Commercial Law. The treaties and uniform acts are accessible by the general public. The "Case Law," "Doctrine," and "Bibliography" sections are only available to OHADA members.
VII. Private International Law on LEXIS, WESTLAW, and in EISIL and InternationalLaw In Brief The two most widely-accepted commercial legal databases in the United States are LEXIS (http://www.lexis.com) and WESTLAW (http://www.westlaw.com/). Today, both may be accessed over the Internet using a Web browser such as Netscape or Microsoft Internet Explorer rather than requiring the installation and use of special dial-up software.
Both LEXIS and Westlaw include case law and legislation on international commercial and law - primarily from the United States, some treaty materials, European Union materials, information on GATT and the WTO, international law journals, and the ASIL publications International Legal Materials (ILM) (http://www.asil.org/resources/ilm.html) and Basic Documents in International Economic Law (BDIEL) (http://www.asil.org/resources/iel.html).
International Law In Brief (ILIB) (http://www.asil.org/ilib/ilibarch.htm), a publication of The American Society of International Law (ASIL), is delivered twice a month by email, and frequently abstracts documents reflecting developments in private international law. Subscriptions are free.
The Electronic Information System for International Law (EISIL) (http://www.eisil.org) is an extensive database of quality international law information available on the web. EISIL is developed and maintained by the ASIL, and includes sections on International Economic Law and Private International Law, among others.
VIII. Research Guides
Duncan Alford, A Guide on the Harmonization of International Commercial Law (http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Unification_Harmonization.htm) This guide focuses on the intergovernmental organizations whose purpose is to harmonize commercial laws, treaties that harmonized commercial law, and research institutes that support it.
Jean Wenger, International Commercia Arbitration: Locating the Resources (LLRX) (http://www.llrx.com/features/arbitration2.htm) includes a selection of comprehensive compilations of international arbitration resources: treaties, institutions, rules, national laws, awards, and literature.
IX. Private International Law Interest Groups and Sections The Private International Law Interest Group of The American Society of International Law (ASIL) (http://www.asil.org) conducts meetings and panels on topics of relevance in private international law, such as Corporate Codes of Conduct and the CISG.
